Difference Between Critical Analysis and Analytical Thinking Free Essays

At the point when you truly need to reflect and put your focuses over, it’s said that you need to talk through your psyche yet from your heart with what you have lived and experienced. In this piece, I am going to utilize genuine issues and encounters to help set forth my veritable reflections on the various perspectives diagnostic, basic and vital. To begin with, I might want to talk about the most recent and noticeable issue in Mumbai, regardless of whether it ought to be called Mumbai or Bombay. We will compose a custom exposition test on Distinction Between Critical Analysis and Analytical Thinking or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now There was this discussion going around in the class and one of my companions investigated that it ought to be called Bombay on the grounds that 80% individuals in Mumbai need to call it by that name. At that point he likewise confirmed this by connecting it with one of the paper and saying that it has expressed that 65% of the open need to call this city Bombay and not Mumbai. He likewise directed his review and gathered information of individuals from different pieces of the city, the South Mumbai, the Central Mumbai and the North Mumbai. He later examined the inquiry on the information gathered and inferred that undoubtedly individuals of this city need to call it by its pioneer name Bombay. He was in reality right since he had separated this issue and had put forth all attempt to arrive at each side of the city for the overview. His overview number also showed the equivalent and with the assistance of expository reasoning, he persuaded that individuals need to call this city Bombay. In this way the magnificence of systematic reasoning is that with the information and figure well in put you can demonstrate anything without anybody in any event, addressing it. Anyway I was conceived in Mumbai knew this city in and out and chose to discover the response to a similar issue yet basically. More than numbers and figures, I depended more on my insight and encounters of this excellent city. In this way, I too led a comparative yet posed one more inquiry, Why would they like to call Mumbai as Bombay? What's more, the appropriate response was astonishing. They needed to call it Mumbai however as the name of Mumbai was Bombay in the business circle, they needed it to named Bombay. Also, the overview directed by my companion was done in business territories of the South, focal and North Mumbai. Where lion's share of the individuals originate from different urban areas and have no information and comprehension of the neighborhood sentiments. So the expository thoroughly considering here obviously passed up a great opportunity the neighborhood sentiment of the individuals just as the comprehension of the mind boggling network. I have referenced the above experience since I need to deliver the significant distinction among scientific and basic reasoning. While systematic reasoning did demonstrate and offered a response to the above inquiry and even looked increasingly sound due to the numbers, it neglected to incorporate neighborhood feeling and information on the neighborhood. This is one of the significant contrasts among investigative and basic reasoning. While expository reasoning isolates the issue into numerous territories and attempts to back it up with figures, basic reasoning uses the information and experience and put them into intelligent speculation to plan an answer. To the extent vital reasoning is concern, I am as yet attempting to characterize the significance and the closer I am characterizing it the farther it goes. It’s like discussing whether GOD exist or not. GOD is there we accept, yet on encounters and instincts. We can't see Him yet at the same time feel He’s there. Thus, key reasoning evades its clear presence however is consistently there. You can consider it an arrangement of activities intended to accomplish a specific objective. This game plan is executed by considering and gauging a few features and perspectives. Your insight and in particular your comprehension and application is of furthest significance for vital reasoning. After these essentials comes the investigation and union of these requirements keeping the significance of all conceivable view and potential outcomes open. Thus, key reasoning never has an unequivocal answer or arrangement. Its everything about choosing the best chance. So regardless of whether I do figure out how to come out with a triumphant methodology other may mock it essentially in light of the fact that they may take a gander at it from various edge. So more you are derided or reprimanded the better will be your vital reasoning. Today administration resembles a spirit caught between his inward cognizance and outer real factors. The spirit can pick unbounded prospects yet need to choose a not many. In addition, whatever he does ought to be with the end goal that it takes the side that benefits the all. In this day and age, an administration would be hard to support without keeping all the three things like money related, social and ecological perspectives. What's more, to keep this administration needs to instill power with morals for any kind of maintainability. Administration can be brief on the off chance that one doesn’t bargain on a portion of the morals simultaneously would be hazardous on the off chance that he follows none. So it has t o have it just to the point of manageability. At the point when an edified one composes a sonnet thousands read it. Be that as it may, every last one of them sees it in a manner they need to and this relies upon their own background and information. Also, I use to see the World in a manner I have seen it with my eyes and watched. However, to truly comprehend you have to see it through the eyes of numerous others and that is one thing that I have gained from this enlightening experience of the most recent fourteen days. Today when I am driving, I am available to endless prospects and perspectives. I am attempting to utilize the five why method in my psyche to connect with the conceivable underlying driver.. At that point the model that I am attempting to work is to utilize basic reasoning first and afterward utilize logical deduction to support the discoveries of the basic reasoning. This I feel would help counter the confinements of the scientific deduction and simultaneously will help cultivate the basic reasoning outcomes. Step by step instructions to refer to Difference Between Critical Analysis and Analytical Thinking, Papers

Research Methods for Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research Methods for Business - Assignment Example The first and the preeminent situation of the exploration procedure is that it is over the top expensive. It requires a ton of exertion to gather the perspectives on the objectives and thus expends a ton of cash also. With regards to an example, whenever chose cautiously, it is to an extremely enormous degree a genuine portrayal of the populace. What's more, since the example size is littler than the size of the populace, it costs considerably less to assemble information from the example. In this manner, inspecting is very cost-productive when contrasted with the whole populace. Work is another factor that prompts the utilization of inspecting methods. A lot of work should be locked in while directing an exploration. This work power is extravagant to utilize and it requires some investment too so as to choose the best individuals to play out the undertaking. In this way, the bigger the example size, the more the work required and the more would be the time and funds expended. Accordingly, it is smarter to utilize an example rather than the whole populace so as to limit the expense and exertion. Time is one of the most significant components when settling on any choice with respect to the exploration techniques and procedures. Despite the fact that there are numerous purposes behind an opportunity to be a vital factor, in any case, the most significant explanation is that he investigates are for the most part exceptionally time delicate, for example they will in general terminate with time or so to state, the discoveries of the examination will in general immediately become out of date as the time passes and the inclinations of the respondents change with changes in the general public and the economy. In this way, the exploration probably won't stay substantial when it is finished.â

Interesting Topics For Rogerian Essay Topics

Interesting Topics For Rogerian Essay TopicsThe good news is that there are plenty of great topics for Rogerian Essay topics. The bad news is that the topics that you choose to write about will be the ones that get published in your essay. This doesn't mean that you can't come up with great topics though.Think about it. As a single mother, I know that I didn't have a lot of money. It didn't mean that I was just lazy or not able to manage my time properly, I just didn't have any extra money to spend on anything. When I got my degree, I discovered that my life has changed dramatically.When I got my degree, I started saving my monetary resources for my children's future. Now that I'm a single mother, I want to do the same thing for them. Instead of spending my money on clothes and books, I want to spend it on activities that will help them grow and become better people.One of the first things I did when I started looking for the perfect topic for my essay was to start researching the ty pe of topics that students always ask for. I didn't find anything that really appealed to me, but I found something that interested me.Let's take a look at the way that Rogerian courses use this type of essay as a way to achieve a strong completion rate. It is a great way to show off your enthusiasm and strength of character. This type of essay will also help you to show how much time and effort you have put into learning the material.Although I am a busy person, I find that writing an essay is a great way to unwind. It gives me something that I can really use and forget about after I finish writing it. I always enjoy the quiet time that I get after doing something like this.In addition to being able to read your Rogerian Essay topic, the school that you are taking your class from will be able to see your written work. If you're not a big fan of students in the hall peering at you, you should purchase a mirror that you can hold up so they can't peek in.You might be a little more sel f-conscious about having a big ego, but you should put that aside and focus on the task at hand. You might also consider purchasing some self-esteem boosting activities such as aromatherapy so that you can put yourself in a better frame of mind.

Racial Profiling Just Mercy By Bryan Stevenson Essay

Racial Profiling The justice system is one of the most important and critical parts of a government. Laws and regulations in our justice system guarantee our rights and safety. When law enforcement is segregated the safety of people among minorities are in the wrong hands. In the novel, â€Å"Just Mercy† by Bryan Stevenson, he scripts a similar situation where a man named Walter McMillian was a victim of racial profiling. Walter McMillian, an African American man, was convicted of murder of Ronda Morrison a young white woman, because of his race, and white supremacy. â€Å"There was no evidence and connection of Walter to the murder except that he was an African American man involved in an adulterous interracial affair, which meant he was reckless and possibly dangerous, even if he had no prior criminal history and a good reputation† (Stevenson 34). Injustice due to racial profiling seems to be one of the despicable and most associated topic in our society that rises co ncerns among people. America â€Å"The land of Opportunity† is filled with people all around the world, from different religions, ethnic groups, and different geographical background. Despite the laws and regulations passed on behalf of human rights, people from Islamic ethnicity are believed to be racially profiled due to their history of terrorism and geographical background. Among the minorities, people with an Islamic religious viewpoint are treated differently throughout America. A dark day in United States history,Show MoreRelatedRacism In Racism1248 Words   |  5 Pagespenalty, racial profiling, inequality, mental illnese to empathize the correuption many people throughout the united states are either not awareabout or simply turn a blind eye to because they don’t have to face the injustice. When reading this novel my attention was directly drawn to the racism many people go through whe it comes to commiting a crime. Racism is an issue that is still extremely prominent in todays society and sometimes it feels like we are walking backwards in time. Bryan StevensonRead MoreRacial Inequality Remains Visible Within Our Society Essay1257 Words   |  6 PagesRacial inequality remains visible within our society. Although slavery and segregation laws are obsolete, that does not mean racism exists subtly. Throughout the course readings one thing is for sure: the slave trade is the primary cause for racial inequality from 1500 to the present. Slavery is a product of violence and those who are sold into it, are pronounced as property. Moreover, throughout the 15th to mid-18th centuries, slavery caused people to despise those who looked different from themRead MoreSlavery And Its Impact On Society Essay1206 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough slavery and segregation laws are obsolete, racial inequality remains visible within our society. Throughout the course readings, one thing is for sure: the slave trade is the primary cause of racial inequality from 1500 to the present. Those sold into slavery become the property and a product of violence. Moreover, throughout the 15th to mid-18th centuries, slavery caused people to despise those who looked different from them, based on skin color. Slavery has caused numerous gaps among theRead MoreJust Mercy By Bryan Stevenson2043 Words   |  9 PagesThe start of the book, Just Mercy, grabbed me pretty quick, but I was thinking â€Å"why are we reading a book about a lost soul who is going to spend his time with people who are sentenced to die for the horrible crimes they committed?† I soon started to realize the true story was much more than that and I would read a story about right and wrong and receive a message about the goodness and mercy of humans towards each other. The story is told by Bryan Stevenson, the author and a graduate of HarvardRead MoreAnalysis Of Just Mercy By Bryan Stevenson1311 Words   |  6 PagesThe book, â€Å"Just Mercy† by Bryan Stevenson pleas to fix the current unfair and fragmented system of criminal justice and juvenile justice. The book’s plot focuses majority on Stevenson’s work and his clients. The main narrative tackles the story of Walter McMillan, who was accused of killing a white woman, but despite hard evidence that would prove he’s innocent, is disregarded by the court due to his race. The main issue was not even the lack of care for racial equality in this case, but the factRead MoreJust Mercy By Bryan Stevenson1098 Words   |  5 PagesIn the novel, Just Mercy, by Bryan Stevenson, the author depicts his experiences with cases that dealt with racial inequality and unfair convictions. The most prominent case in the novel is about a man named Walter McMillian who was unjustly convicted of a murder charge and sentenced to d eath row. Throughout the story, it is apparent that McMillian’s case was more complicated than just racial profiling because it was entangled with deception. The unlawful behavior executed by law officials: judgesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Just Mercy By Bryan Stevenson972 Words   |  4 PagesCaucasian or non-minorities as a whole, which make up a large portion of the United States. Racial discrimination has been a large factor the criminal justice system has been plagued with for many years. In the book Just Mercy, authored by Bryan Stevenson, Stevenson details his life’s work to help those who were wrongfully convicted and biased towards in sentencing. A big part of the book is related to racial discrimination among officers. Analytically I will be looking at the question of whetherRead MoreSocial And Economic Injustices Of America s War On The Public Good Essay2057 Words   |  9 PagesLiving on Almost Nothing in America by Kathryn Edin and Luke Shaefer, and Bryan Stevenson’s book, Just Mercy: A story of justice and redemption, additionally seek to describe how social injustices and economic issues manifest in America. Together, all three texts use shocking personal accounts from people, community members and onlookers to craft together the narrative of America’s devastating reality. ‘Nobody’, ‘Just Mercy’, and ‘$2.00 a Day’ exposes our society’s shortcomings through their themesRead MoreJust Mercy : A Story Of Justice And Redemption By Bryan Stevenson1959 Words   |  8 PagesIn the book Just Mercy: A story of Justice and Redemption by Bryan Stevenson, there are several topics discussed regarding the American Justice system. One of those many topics discussed is regarding how a person’s race, social status and income, may influence the outcome of a court trail. In present day America, many years after the era of Jim crow and segregation the Justice system still seems to be more lenient towards white Americans, especially those with high income and a good standing in society

Xenophobia Essay - 892 Words

Fear is an emotional response to a perceived threat that can harm us. With fear, the body undergoes a significant amount of pressure from other induced emotions, including stress, anger, and anxiety. In these situations, the body will instigate the fight or flight response, in which the user will fight or escape from the threat. Fear surrounds us everyday and can be caused by variety of sources: from spiders to snakes and from public speaking to heights. However, there is one fear that my discussions with Patrik, a Czech student at Sofia University, highlighted: xenophobia, which is the fear of strangers and foreigners. Because of my conversations with Patrik, I discovered that xenophobia in the United States and the Czech Republic have†¦show more content†¦At the time, Czechs did not want to endanger themselves and their families and, therefore, grew accustomed to disliking confrontation from strangers. Although the Czech Republic is no longer communist, Patrik explained th at this protective mentality is still ingrained in the culture, especially among the older generations. In contrast to the Czechs, the American culture has a foundation of freedom of expression and speech, in which people can say and converse with whomever they want. Therefore, Americans are more open to conversing with strangers because the U.S. has never experienced a repressive, strict government. A 2016 Expat Insider survey highlights these contrasts: the U.S. was ranked 26 out on overall friendliness in 67 countries, but the Czech Republic was number 65 (Plato). In other words, most people in the survey believed that the U.S. is friendlier than the Czech Republic. Overall, Americans tend to be less xenophobic towards strangers than the Czechs. Another component of xenophobia prevalent in both nations is their attitudes pertaining towards foreigners. In the U.S., Americans are most afraid of the individuals associated with terrorism: Muslims. In a Pew Research Survey conducted i n 2017, about half of American believe that Islam is not part of â€Å"mainstream American society†, and 41% believe that Islam encourages violence more than any other faiths (Greenwood). In other words, these surveys revealed a fear towards MuslimShow MoreRelatedXenophobia in America Essay851 Words   |  4 Pages10-20-10 Xenophobia There are many factors that need to be observed to determine what causes people to experience xenophobia. Xenophobia is defined as a condition where people suffer irrational fear of strangers or foreigners. The symptoms of people that suffered from this condition are very real and can range from feeling nauseated or excessive sweating to dry mouth, heart palpitations, a fear of dying, and anxiety attacks. Nevertheless, what exactly causes people to experience from Xenophobia? Read MoreXenophobia In District 9 Essay1338 Words   |  6 PagesExploring Xenophobia in District 9 Thirty years ago, aliens arrive on Earth, not to conquer or give aid, but to find refuge from their dying planet. Separated from humans in a South African area called District 9, the aliens are managed by Multi-National United, which is not concerned with the aliens welfare but will do anything to master their advanced technology. When a company field agent Wikus contracts a mysterious virus that begins to alter his DNA, there is only one place he can hide: DistrictRead MoreOur Fear Of Immigrants By Jeremyere Adam Smith Analysis738 Words   |  3 Pagesimmigrants bring up in people and why was it that xenophobia was a learned subject or if was something that humans instinctively do. The author Jeremy Adam smith takes a sympathetic stance on the issue of immigration. He discusses the problems with immigration and speaks on why some don’t realize the tough situations immigrant families are already facing. Even though Smith had a clear stance he wanted to be unbiased in order to explain xenophobia, he did this by talking to psychologists, conservativesRead MorePowers of Horror by Julia Kristeva, Questions and Answers1384 Words   |  6 Pagesprolifically influenced many philosophers’ theoretical writings. Indeed, Julia Kristeva being in exile from her native Bulgaria is a foreigner in an unascertained land. Being an outcast influence’s her philosophical, political and sociological extended essay Strangers to Ourselves published in 1991. The book addresses a problem that Kristeva has experienced first-hand: the struggle of being a foreigner in Western culture and the difficulties that people and nations have with treating foreigners residingRe ad MoreAustralia s Cultural And Social Change1517 Words   |  7 Pagesreader might find an idea from the novel’s character’s behaviours, while other reader may find different idea thorough the whole story. This essay will discuss that contemporary Australian literature contain some ideas of Australianness such as historical legacy of connection to Europe, especially England and traditional Australian ideals. Firstly, this essay will explain Australia’s connection to Europe and Australia’s change to cosmopolitan in Dead Europe. Secondly, it will discuss between Ng’sRead MoreThe Issues Arising From The Media Representation Of Race1271 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will highlight the key issues arising from the media representation of race. In the essay the concepts of stereotyping, othering and appropriation will be discussed with the hope of showing that there are many issues in regards race. Race is not easily defined, however simply put the Concise Oxford Dictionary describes race as â€Å"A group of people or things with a common feature.† To think of race is to think of racism as John storey says The first thing to insist on in discussion ofRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare941 Words   |  4 PagesBlack Racism and the public’s reliance on stereotypes to judge individuals of a different decent can be traced throughout literature. The Elizabethan’s are no exception, and as their view of the word grew so did the permeation of racism and xenophobia in their society. Theater in Elizabethan England was full of stereotypical black characters that further perpetuated society’s racist tendencies. One play that challenged these stereotypes was Williams Shakespeare’s play Othello which depicts theRead MoreThe Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down Addresses Experiences And Decisions1018 Words   |  5 Pagesheartbreaking results as felt by the Lees. I think the book’s by-product is a lesson in cultural competence that can educate health care, but it is also a story that is much more dynamic as it reflects upon the sociopolitical struggle of the Hmong Chinese, xenophobia, and reminds us of a dark period of time in American history, the Vietnam War. This story, sadly, highlights the struggle of refugees, their decision to assimilate or not, which is unfortunately still relevant to this day. At some points in theRead MoreHow The Majority Of Mass Media Activities On Foreigners Among The Korean Society2387 Words   |  10 Pagespurpose of this essay is to analyze how the majority of mass media activities on foreigners among the Korean society are accelerating racism and xenophobia by stimulating public sentiment. In this essay, immigrants are defined as non-Koreans who come from different cultural backgrounds. When the mass media reports on foreigners and their issues, several agendas with a negative nuance are frequently repeated: Crimes and illegal matters, swift of the cultural basis, and no-manners. This essay will introduceRead MoreIntroduction . The Formation Of A Nation-State Has Created1481 Words   |  6 Pagesregime, the international refugee protection regime has evolved since the drafting of the 1951 Geneva Convention (Loescher et al., 2008 and Barnett, 2002). This essay reveals the evolution of the regime since 1951 by investigating its mandate expansion, involvement in geopolitics and competition with other organisations. In doing so, the essay synthesises a range of migration and international relations literature. Evolution of the international refugee protection regime In the aftermath of the WWII

Civil Communication And Reconciliation Between America And...

Phillis Wheatley wrote, To the Right Honorable William, Earl of Dartmouth, to William Legge, a British politician who sided with the American’s wishes to repeal the Stamp Act, and refused to personally wage war against them. This poem is often viewed as a poem dedicated to congratulating and praising Legge for his amiable actions towards the American people. However, this idea is not entirely true. Wheatley’s poem isn’t solely a poem of praise but a desperate woman’s plea for help. In the poem Wheatley employs tactics of sympathy, empath, and bribery to convince Legge to use his influence to aid the African American race. It is important that we realize this poem is a cry for help because not only do we overlook Wheatley’s intelligence, but we also ignore he utter frustration and helplessness that the African American’s felt during the conclusion of the American Revolution. The first stanza of the poem congratulates Legge for his efforts to promote civil communication and reconciliation between America and Great Britain during the early stages of American Revolution. She discusses Legge’s role in assisting the former British colonies to receive their freedom. However, after she praises Legge, Wheatley begins to explain her reasons for asking for help. In the second line of her poem, she humanizes the word freedom, by capitalizing the noun, and describing as it as a fair female, â€Å"Fair Freedom rose New-England to adorn†. She uses the word fair to mean just, but also to mean,Show MoreRelatedConflict Of The Middle Colonies1888 Words   |  8 PagesWhere there is disagreement, there will be conflict. America has experienced many of these problems since colonial times, and the fundamental issues disputed caused sectionalism. Sectional crisis began when the North and the South first recognized their differences and their ideas of different interests. Since arriving in the New World, Americans have struggled to find identity and unity. Just how did the journey to discovering oneself lead to the bitter sectionalism that divided the country? SomeRead MoreThe Generation Of The United States4076 Words   |  17 Pagesdifferent factions and beliefs in order to overthrow the reigning regime. He also believes it is phenomenal because the United States was able to survive and become a nation that was brought up upon an argument between state and federal sovereignty. In addition, to fight in the revolution and win against Britain’s best army and navy, the U.S. had to carve its own path with unprecedented steps. Dues to the challenges the republic faced and overcame, the founding of the United States is truly phenomenalRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagese ds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other UnnaturalRead MoreThe Origin, Development and Significance of Human Rights10255 Words   |  42 Pagesthe UN General Assembly of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. It replaced the phrase natural rights, which fell into disfavour in part because the concept of natural law (to which it was intimately linked) had become a matter of great controversy; and it replaced as well the later phrase the rights of Man, which was not universally understood to include the rights of women. ORIGINS IN ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME Most students of human rights trace the origins of the concept to ancientRead MoreNew World Order in Conspiracy Theory13987 Words   |  56 PagesOrder  in conspiracy theory. For other uses, see  New World Order (disambiguation). The reverse side of the  Great Seal of the United States  (1776). The Latin phrase novus ordo seclorum, appearing on the reverse side of the Great Seal since 1782 and on the back of the  U.S one-dollar bill  since 1935, means New Order of the Ages and only alludes to the beginning of an era where the United States of America is an independent nation-state, but is often improperly translated by conspiracy theorists as NewRead MoreHistory of Social Work18530 Words   |  75 Pages..43 2 S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work History of Social Welfare/ Social Work The need to understand history of social work The need to understand history of social work The diversity of social work represents a great challenge for social work research, education and practice in the rapidly internationalizing and globalizing world. This challenge can be met successfully only with a deep philosophical and historical understanding of the characteristics of a particularRead MoreAn Analysis of Terrorism Essay9824 Words   |  40 Pagesfamous sites. More than 5,000 American was feared dead. This was the most recent and most devastating terrorist act that brought terrorism into the timelight. Terrorism is a term of uncertain legal content. The term itself has no definition of illegality, except when terrorism commits acts which do apply to common law. Some of the acts that a terrorist commits are murder, bombing, kidnapping, hi-jacking, hostage taking and theft. All these acts have a law in the civil penal code that makes a terroristsRead MoreHerbert Spencer Essay13142 Words   |  53 Pagesand the fundamentals of science, neglecting such traditional subjects as history. Spencer initially followed up the scientific interests encouraged by his father and studied engineering. For a few years, until 1841, he practiced the profession of civil engineer as an employee of the London and Birmingham Railway. His interest in evolution is said to have arisen from the examination of fossils that came from the rail-road cuts. Spencer left the railroad to take up a literary career and to follow upRead MoreGlobalization and It Effects on Cultural Integration: the Case of the Czech Republic.27217 Words   |  109 Pageseither through transport, commerce, and communication. In addition, man’s activities on the globe are all located under these sectors. Culture, as a way of living of man, is identified by every one immediately after birth and was often seen as distinct from one another. However, with advent of the process of globalization, there is now the integration and homogenization of cultures. â€Å"Homogenization of cultures is the loss of diversity of culture between two or more cultural groups†. Thus, ourRead MorePlanned Approach to Change11990 Words   |  48 Pagesexperimentalist – these are the two men whose names will stand out before all others in the history of our psychological era. The above quotation is taken from Edward C Tolman’s memorial address for Kurt Lewin delivered at the 1947 Convention of the American Psychological Association (quoted in Marrow, 1969, p. ix). To many people today it will seem strange that Lewin should have been given equal status with Freud. Some 50 years after his death, Lewin is now mainly remembered as the originator of the

Changes free essay sample

On the song Dear Mama he writes They say Im wrong and Im heartless, but all along I was looking for a father he was gone (1995) these lyrics give the assumption that he might have looked for a father within himself and thus created in persona founded on the character Of the two people he thought could be his father. Tuba created binary oppositions as creative mechanisms, the socially constructive poet vs.. He destructive street thug and he could write as well as speak from both alter egos. His conscious rapper ego tackled social issues such as racism, violence, drug abuse whilst his gangster rapper ego talked about selling drugs, perpetrating violence and called women derogatory names. To understand just a little part of Tubas complex character, the following quotation by Carl Jung would give some insight. Such a man knows that whatever is wrong in the world is in himself, and if he only learns to deal tit his own Shadow he has done something real for the world. Outpace Shakers music Is characterized by hard hitting hip hop beats sampled room different music genres and lyrics that criticize, the capitalist system that divides America into the haves and have-nots. The collective identity in Tubas music is identified In the struggle of the lower classes to find political, economic, social discourse In a capitalist society by chronicling from the perspective of a young black male growing up in post civil rights America.His work vocalizes the thoughts of the masses trapped within a modern slavery system (poverty and discrimination). The writers credited on the album sleeve are Shaker, T. , Evans, D. , Horns, B. ; Changes ample the beat and part of the chorus from Bruce Harmonys The way It is(1986) and appropriated It Into a Hip Hop political anthem. This part of the paper will delve into the psyche of the artist and explore the lyrics of Changes. ANALYZING OUTPACE When did I ever say I was a gangs rapper? Is Frank Sinatra a gangs singer?Is Steve Seal a gangs actor? What is that? Thats such a limited term. Maroon Brandon is not a gangs actor, hes an actor. Axle Rose and them are not gangs rock and rollers, thieve rock and rollers. So Im a rapper, this is what I do. Im an artist. And I AP about the oppressed taking back their place. I rap about fighting back. To me, my lyrics and my verses are about struggling and overcoming, you know (Shaker, 2003) Left: OPAC. 1996. All Eyes On Me (outpace. Com) Right: OPAC. 1995. Me against the World (outpace. Mom) Outpace Shakers controversial image drowned his work; the media at the time concentrated on what he did off record and forget that he was a brilliant rapper, lyricist and actor. He did cultivate the gangster image with Thug Life tattered across his abdomen and his persona as seen on the album cover of All eyes on me (1996) Is that of a gangs, The persona Is evident on him with the words Outlaw tattered on his lower arm, a panthers head on his upper arm with a miscreant intensity and 1 OFF on music videos, further reiterates that he is a gangs rapper.However on the cover of an earlier album Me against the world(1995) another side of the rapper is seen, with his back against a wall, he stares at the camera like a deer caught between two headlights. In interviews and talk shows when he takes off his mask, an intelligent, misunderstood, creative young man who wants to change the world with his music merges. Tyson (2002) in his explanation of Tubas dua l persona mentioned something very interesting that Tubas mother Affine was impregnated by one of two possible candidates, a revolutionary black panther by the name of Billy Garland and Legs a drug dealer.On the song Dear Mama he writes They say Im wrong and Im heartless, but all along I was looking for a father he was gone (1995) these lyrics give the assumption that he might have looked for a father within himself and thus created twin personae founded on the character of the two people he thought could e his father. Outpace created binary oppositions as creative mechanisms, the socially constructive poet vs.. The destructive street thug and he could write as well as speak from both alter egos.His conscious rapper ego tackled social issues such as racism, violence, drug abuse whilst his gangster rapper ego talked about selling drugs, perpetrating violence and called women derogatory names. To understand Just a little part of Tubas complex character, the following quotation by Carl Jung would give some insight. Such a man knows that whatever is wrong in the world is in myself, and if he only learns to deal with his own Shadow he has done something real for the world.He has succeeded in shouldering at least an infinitesimal part of the gigantic, unsolved social problems of our day. These problems are mostly so difficult because they are poisoned by mutual projections. How can anyone see straight when he does not even see himself and the darkness he unconsciously carries with him into all dealings? Nouns, 1938). The two images of Outpace show that instead of hiding his other self (the shadow) he consciously projected it and White toes (1997) that a misguided Outpace drew his masculine principles from Legs his father figure.Outpace Shaker was born on the 16th of June 1971; a month after his mother Affine Shaker was released from prison for her suspected part in the alleged Black Panther plot to bomb banks and department stores (White, 1997). In several songs and interviews Outpace has mentioned his birth and childhood as a miracle. l was born not to make it, but I did (Still I Rise, 1999) and on the last verse of Mama Just a Little Girl (Better Days, 2002) he philosophies You see you wouldnt ask why the rose hat grew from the concrete had damaged petals, on th e contrary, we would all celebrate its tenacity.We would all love its will to reach the sun. Well we are the roses, this is the concrete and these are my damaged petals He uses symbolic words to compare himself and his peers to that of beauty natured in an unnatural environment. This verse is a self reflective analysis of his impoverished childhood in socially depraved ghettos of America and by noting We are the roses he feels that any child that grows up in that environment and makes it however damaged they are should be celebrated.According to Goals (2007) in 1985 Outpace was enrolled at the prestigious Baltimore Schools of the Arts, where he learned how to act and he spent Outpace went through moral Juggling as a teenager, selling Drugs whilst writing poetry. His childhood experiences gave him the canon to be able to articulate social and political commentary easily identifiable with his audience. Tyson emphasis (2003) that Outpace believed in keeping it real a slang term defined on (revolutionary. Com) as try to benefit the environment and society that surrounds you a nd eventually serving humanity for the greater good.Outpace has achieved musical immortality with eight albums produced posthumously, an art center (task. Org) producing the next generation of thespians, dancers and poets and a Biopic on his life is currently in Production, written by Oscar nominated screenwriters Stephen J Revile and Chris Wilkinson (All, Nixon). In a recent Manage. Com article Revile had this to say about Outpace He was a really sensitive, very romantic talented young poet who also could sing, dance and act, but the realities [of the hip-hop record business] were that he had to create this persona of the gangster.He saw the contradiction between the musical persona of Thug Life and his essential nature as a gentle, sensitive person. And that was partly responsible for his murder. He was not a gangster, but the people around him were, and they saw he was going to leave, that they were going to lose him, and so I think they decided to kill him(Borders-Manner, 2011) CHANGES Changes portrays America from a critical non violent point of view, the view of a young black male living in the projects (Ghetto) committing crime as a survival necessity, whilst been abused by the system.Changes (Shaker, Evans Hornsby, 998) uses basic slang, repetition, melodic rhythm, the artist does not use profanity, the word Niger is used to make a racial statement not intimidate. Analysis of this song elicits reaction in the listener, a desire to become the Change that Outpace requires of his audience. Tubas ability to elicit this type of reaction can be attributed to the authority yet passionate sensitivity of his voice and the flow of his rap.The chorus uses the same melody as The Way it is with a slight change of chorus whereas the or iginal says, Some things will never change, Changes is changed to say, Things will never be the same. Elaborating that inequality will always be rooted in American society; the chorus is repeated to drum the message. The opening line to Changes l see no changes seems to be a modern reply to the original The way it is Bob Dylan The times they are changing(1964), which is considered the civil rights movement theme song.He then continues to show his frustration with his situation, which has not been changed by the I have a dream speech by DRP King Wake up in the morning and ask myself is life worth living should I blast myself, I am tired of en poor and even worse Im black, my stomach hurts so I am looking for purse to snatch, hes telling his audience that he is poor, black, hungry and faced with two choices either to kill himself or alleviate his economical situation by stealing. Cops give a damn about a negro, pull the trigger kill a Amiga hes a hero He uses the N words to emphasize how racist the police are and the reward for killing a black person. Give the crack to the kids who the hell cares, one less hungry mouth on watch me kill each other He paints an image of a big brother conspiracy of shipping rugs and guns into the Ghetto and then watching the fabric of black America dismantle with kids on crack, drug dealers killing each other, a genocidal way of easing the welfare system. Its time to fight back thats what Hue Said, 2 shots in the dark now Hues dead By mentioning Hue Newton founder of the Black Panthers, he acknowledges that Black militant mantra of fighting back the system with guns is wrong because you will be slain by a gun. Outpace then finds a socialist solution in how to beat the system and unify We can never go nowhere unless we share with each there, We goat start making changes, learn to see me as a brother instead of 2 distant strangers, thats how it is supposed to be.How can the Devil take a brother if hes close to me, Id love to go back to when we played as kids, but things changed, and thats the way it is He wants to go back to the innocents of childhood, not complicated by what Freud regards as the ID, however Outpace is resigned to the fact that even if he goes back to that moment, he cannot change Today because change will never happen. L see no changes all I see is racist faces, misplaced hate makes grace to races, We under, I wonder what it takes to make this one better place, lets erase the wasted Outpace is not talking about or to a specific race but to the people of America that racial hatred should not be tolerated but erased from society. Both Black and White is smoking crack tonight Drugs are not Just a black problem It anti a secret and dont conceal the fact the penitentiarys packed and its filled with blacks His observation is backed by Discard, Mouth and Andrews Of the 789,700 male inmates in 1992, 51 percent, or 401,700 were black and that is still a fact today.Although it seems heaven sent we anti ready, to see a black president, uh This line is prophetic in the sense that even though America now has a black President, but some quarters of society are still not ready to accept a Black President Some things will never change. Try to show another way, but you staying in the dope game. Now tells me whats a mother to do. Been real dont appeal to the brother in you.You goat operate the easy way In these lyrics hes now using Frauds structural model of the psyche, the mother is the Super Ego telling the impulsive child (the ID) hat look at another way to survive but morals do not appeal to the ID for it wants everything now and then when it gets satisfaction it shows off l made a G Today the super ego critics but you made it in a sleazy way, selling crack to the kids Finally the ego goes into defense mechanism Well hey, thats Just the way it is The third verse begins with Outpace talking instead of rapping so that everybody understands the clear message he conveys We goat make a change, Its time for us as a people to start making some changes. Lets change the way we eat, Lets change the way we live and lets change the way we treat each other. You see the old ways wasnt working so its on us to do what we goat do, to survive he is speaking to his generation, that the only way to change is complete transformation from the racial philosophies of old for the survival of the human race. Its war on the streets and war in the middle east, Instead of war on poverty they got war on drugs so the police can bother me, And I anti never did a crime I anti have to do. Outpace observes that whilst America concentrates on foreign wars in the Middle East, domestic street wars rage on. He problem poverty.

Marketing An Introduction Essay Example

Marketing An Introduction Essay * MARKETING is the management process involved in identifying, anticipating and satisfying consumer requirements profitably. * Remember that marketing is not simply advertising or selling, in fact selling or Advertising are just one of the many marketing aspects or functions. * Marketing is a process. It does not have a start or and end but is ongoing all the time. * It is not just a series of activities, but a way of thinking about how to satisfy consumer needs in a way that it would be profitable to the business. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing An Introduction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing An Introduction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing An Introduction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer * It affects all aspects of the business, such as the production department, the personnel, as well as any pricing decisions that would have to be made. * Lastly since consumers are vital to the business, finding out what they need or want through marketing research is very important. Subsequently, businesses are more and more involved in building relationships with consumers (relationship marketing) to create a loyalty towards the company. For ex. Tesco strongly stresses on this. IMPORTANCE OF MARKETING TO A BUSINESS- A BRIEF * Economic growth has led to an increase in demand for products and services. Therefore if the business wants to gain a share in the growing market and increase profitability, it MUST insure a successful marketing strategy. * Rapid changes in fashions, tastes, lifestyles means that businesses must ANTICIPATE and respond to these changes. For ex. Toy manufacturers try to foresee the next craze that would come up (shorter life cycles). * Changes in technology mean that marketing and production departments now have to work closely together to anticipate new opportunities that may arise. For ex. Marketing media now used by firms include electronic billboards or satellite TV. * Competition is nothing new but the scale of it is. For ex. Japanese goods have become very competitive in UK markets. This means that expenditure on marketing has to increase. PRODUCT ORIENTATION * A Product oriented business means that it focuses on the production process and the product itself. They assume that the products will self itself. * Take the ex. Of the Concorde aircraft project. It was an absolutely new invention, and the developers assumed that the aircraft would sell itself. However this was not the case, because although the project was technically a success, its failure to take into account the needs of the market meant that it was not a commercial success. * Product oriented businesses thus place their emphasis on developing the product, and then selling it without much contact with the consumers. * A Pure research has to be carried out in contrast to an Applied research. A pure research is one where the researcher does not have a specific end product in mind. An applied research is when the search is based on a particular goal or purpose. MARKET ORIENTATION * A market oriented business is one that is led by the market i.e. the starting point is the market itself and consumer needs and wants are central to the businesss decision making. * For ex. The Sony Walkman is a product developed in response to the wishes of the consumers. * In COMPARISON to a product oriented business a market-oriented business can: (a) Respond more quickly to changes in the market. (b) Will be in a stronger position to meet the challenge of competition. (c) More chances of a successful product commercially. * Market oriented businesses make what they can sell; where as product oriented businesses try to sell what they make. Similarly while in market orientation plans are determined by customer needs, product oriented businesses are of the attitude that consumers should be glad that we exist 🙂 * Lastly market oriented businesses must produce the right product at the right price and in the right place and it must let the consumers know that it is available. This is known as the marketing mix. FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICE OF ORIENTATION * Whether a business will be market oriented or product oriented will depend on a number of factors such as: (a) The nature of the product: if it is working in an innovative market, like pharmaceuticals or electronics, it must innovate to survive. (b) The objectives of the business and its policy: where objectives are to increase market share or turnover, the emphasis would be on marketing. (c) The nature and size of the market: in a small competitive market a business is likely to take into account consumer needs. (d) The degree of competition: competitive markets are likely to spend more on marketing for fear of losing their share of the market. ASSET-BASED MARKETING * Asset based marketing is where a business develops those goods or services that make the best use of its major strengths or assets i.e. concentrating on what the business is good at while still taking into account the needs of the market. * For ex. Producing new products that are related to successful existing products. (Ice cream versions of best selling chocolate bars like mars or bounty: P) SALES ORIENTED MARKETING * Sales oriented businesses focus on simply increasing the number of sales, even if by doing so it hampers consumer satisfaction. For ex. The sale of Mobile phones such as the Ufone at really low prices. * The business hires sales persons that are paid a commission on every sale that they make. Consequently the sales persons are interested in making the largest amount of sales irrespective of consumer satisfaction. MARKET RESEARCH ; Marketing research can be defined as the collection, collation and analysis of data relating to the marketing and consumption of goods and services. For ex. This data may include whether or not there is a NEED for a product, the style shape form that it should have, the functions it should provide etc. ; This data would be used: (a) To identify what is happening in the market (descriptive reasons) (b) To predict what may happen in the future (predictive reasons) (c) To explain a variety of matters or problems linked to its marketing (explanatory reasons) (d) To investigate and explore any new opportunities in a market (exploratory reasons) ; There are two types of marketing research that a business may opt for: 1. DESK RESEARCH 2. FIELD RESEARCH DESK RESEARCH ; Involves the use of secondary data. This is information, which already exists in some form. There are internal and external sources of secondary data. ; INTERNAL SOURCES would be: (a) Existing market research reports, (b) Reports from sales representatives who are in direct contact with customers, (c) Annual report and accounts published by the business, (d) Internet data where businesses plan websites that give up to date information, (e) Stock movements provide the most up to date information on patterns of demand in the market. This is because as apposed to sales figures, they are recorded instantly. ; EXTERNAL SOURCES would include: (a) Information from competitors: in the form of promotional material, price lists etc. (b) Data from customer services or complaints, (c) Retail audits: Epos (electronic points of sale) record instant sales in retail outlets. This provides the business with a continuous monitoring of their performance in the market. For ex. Weekly music charts. (d) Government publications such as social trends, (e) International publications published by organizations such as the World Bank or the IMF. (f) General or commercial publications such as newspapers and magazines, (g) And lastly research centers. ; The main advantage of secondary data is that it has already been collected and is therefore available at very little or no cost. It is quicker to obtain and it is usually easier for firms to establish trends. ; However the main disadvantage is that the data is not in the form that the business may require, since it has been collected for a different purpose. So it has to be adapted by the business before it can be made useful. FIELD RESEARCH ; Involves collecting Primary data. This is information, which does not already exist. The research can be carried out by the firm itself or by a market research agency. ; The main advantage is that the firm, which initially collects it, will be the only organization with access to it. This means that it will have marketing advantages over its rival firms. Also since it is for their own purpose it will be in a form the firm would want. ; The main disadvantage of field research is that it is extremely expensive and requires specialist researchers. It is consequently very time consuming also. ; METHODS OF A FIELD RESEARCH: (a) Questionnaires (b) Personal interviews (c) Telephone interviews (d) Postal surveys (e) Observation (f) Use of technology (g) Focus groups (h) Consumer panels (i) Test marketing QUESTIONNAIRES: ; Personal interviews, telephone interviews and postal surveys all involve the use of questionnaires. ; There are certain considerations that have to be made while designing the questionnaire. (a) A balance between close and open questions: close questions are specific, for ex. How many products have u brought in the last month, they only allow the interviewee a limited range of responses. Open questions allow a larger scope of responses and give room to suggestions and strategies for improvement. For ex. Suggest how the product could be improved. (b) The clarity of questions: the questions should be very clear and not ambiguous and confusing. Technical language should not be used. (c) The use of leading questions: leading questions are those, which encourage a particular answer. For ex. A researcher investigating the soft drinks market should avoid the question Do you think Diet Pepsi is never than Diet Coke? a better questions would be Which brand diet cola do you prefer- Pepsi or Coke? (d) Initially clarify the purpose of the enquiry and then follow a logical sequence in questions. Avoid questions on topics which respondents would be reluctant to answer or which tax the memory too much. Lastly introduce some control questions perhaps. PERSONAL INTERVIEWS: This involves interviewer obtaining information from one person at a time, face-to-face. The advantages are: (a) The method is flexible, (b) Visual material and observation of reactions is possible, (c) Allows interviewee a chance to give detailed responses and there is time and scope for answers to be discussed, (d) Difficult questions can be explained by the interviewer, The disadvantages are: (a) Very time consuming (b) Rely on the skill of the interviewer: the interviewer may be biased and may influence the responses of the interviewees by appearing negative (c) Respondent can also be biased, e.g. false answers given to impress the interviewer. (d) It is difficult to sample a scattered population. TELEPHONE INTERVIEWS: This method allows interviews to be held over the telephone. Advantages are: (a) Cheaper than personal interviews (b) Allows a wide geographical area to be covered Disadvantages are: (a) Often distrusted by the people (b) It is only possible to ask short or closed questions (c) Biased because it excludes those without phones or not in the directory. POSTAL SURVEY: Involves the use of questionnaires sent to consumers through post. Advantages are: (a) Relatively cheap (b) No interviewer biased (c) A wide geographical area can be covered Disadvantages are: (a) The response rate is very poor and responses can be delayed. (b) Questions have to be short, so detailed questioning is not possible. (c) Questionnaires have to be exceptionally well designed and easy to understand. OBSERVATION: Observation involves watching consumers in retail stores. Observers look out for the amount of time consumers spend making decisions or how readily they notice a particular display. Advantages are: (a) A tremendous number of consumers can be surveyed in a relatively short span of time. (b) Relatively very cheap Disadvantage is: (a) Observation alone leaves many questions unanswered. For ex. It may reveal that a particular display at a retail outlet is unpopular but provide no clues as to why this is the case. USE OF TECHONOLOGY: Technology has developed many new ways in which businesses can carry out marketing research. (a) Information is gathered from electronic points of sale (Epos) which give details of items brought, the time as well as the date of purchase. (b) Video installation in retail stores: some even count the number of customers entering a shop and some differentiate between adults, children and pushchairs! (c) Interactive methods: consumers may be able to express their views through Internet websites. (d) Credit cards or loyalty cards could indicate spending patterns of consumers. FOCUS GROUPS: This involves a group of consumers being brought together on one or a number of occasions. They are asked to answer and discuss questions that are prepared by market researchers. This group is thought to be a representative of all the customers of the business. Advantages are: (a) Relatively cheap (b) An easy, simple way of gathering information Disadvantage is: (a) The views of a small number of customers may not reflect the views of the entire market the business is interested in. CONSUMER PANELS: This involves a group of consumers being consulted on their reactions to a product over a period of time. TV companies widely use consumer panels to access consumer reactions to new programs. Advantages are: (a) Panel members know the procedure and so time is saved, (b) Consumer panels can be used to consider how consumer reaction changes over time. (c) Consequently a picture of consumer trends can be build. Disadvantages are: (a) Panel members tend to be atypical (b) Panel sophistication can develop (c) It is both difficult and expensive to choose and keep a panel available for research over a long period. TEST MARKETING: Involves selling a product in a restricted section of the market in order to assess consumer reaction to it before making it available to the entire market. SAMPLING: The most accurate way to do the research would be to carry out the survey of every single potential consumer of a firms product and is known as the Population. This survey is called a consensus. This is of course, impractical, expensive, and time consuming. Thus a Sample of the population is taken. This sample group is made up of consumers that are thought to be representatives of the entire potential buyers of the product (the population). This reduces costs, saves time, and requires fewer resources. First of all a business needs a sample frame a list of people from which the sample will be chosen. The sampling methods (the way in which people are selected) can be divided broadly into two categories: RANDOM OR QUASI RANDOM METHODS: NON RANDOM METHODS: (a) Simple random sample (a) Quota sample (b) Systematic sample (b) Cluster sample (c) Route random sample (c) Multi stage sample (d) Stratified sample (d) Snowballing SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLE: The sample is selected at random, rather like picking numbers out of a hat. In this way each member of the group has an equal chance of being chosen. The main advantage is that bias cannot be introduced when choosing the sample. However, firstly, it assumes that all members are homogenous and secondly, it requires an up to date list of the whole population, which would be very costly and time consuming. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLE: This involves choosing a starting point in a sample frame and then selecting every nth item thereafter. For ex. Choosing every tenth or twentieth name on a list. This is not fully random and will produce bias if there is a regular recurring pattern in the frame. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLE: With this method the population is divided into segments or sub-groups, stratas. A random sample is then chosen from each of these groups making sure that there were the same proportions of the sample in each category as in the population as a whole. Say if the population had 10% lower class females, so would the sample. This method is seen as quasi-random. QUOTA SAMPLE: Like a stratified sample this method involves dividing the population into a number of groups, which share specific characteristics. This may be based on the age, sex, and income of the population. Unlike stratified sampling the selection of individuals from each group is made on a non-random bases. In this case, interviewers are given targets for the number of people out of each segment who they must interview. For ex. An interviewer may be asked to interview 10 males between the age of 20 and 30. Once this target is reached, no more people are interviewed from that group. The quota method is relatively quick and cheaper to operate and can be used when a sample frame is not available. However, results from quota sampling are not statistically representative of the population and are not randomly chosen. CLUSTER SAMPLE: This involves making a random selection from a frame listing not individuals but groups of individuals called clusters-usually in different geographical areas. This method is used when the population is widely dispersed and a full sample frame is not available. It is also used when survey results need to be found quickly such as opinion polls. MULTI STAGE SAMPLE: This involves selecting one sample from another sample-so that a series of samples are taken at successive stages, e.g. a region, then a town, then a suburb, and then a street. It is used when groups selected in a cluster sample are too large, with the result that a sub-sample has to be selected from each group. SNOWBALLING: This is a highly specialized method of sampling. It involves starting the process of sampling with one individual or group, and then using their personal contacts to develop more and more-hence the snowball effect. One must realize that samples built up by snowballing cannot be representative of the population. Therefore they are only used when no other method is possible! Firms engaged in producing highly specialized one off products might use this method for a very limited range of consumers. THE RESEARCH PROCESS The first step towards market research is identifying a research objective; clarifying what type of information, for what reason, and why it is required. Therefore the research project begins with a statement of research objectives. Before a business collects primary data by undertaking expensive field research, it should first review secondary data by means of desk research. If it opts for field research, it should then chose the method or technique for collection of primary data. In making this choice consideration should be given to relative costs, the type pf people to be investigated, and the degree of accuracy required. Naturally there is no point in undertaking research if the costs exceed the benefits to the firm. The third step is to decide on the details of the research technique opted. For ex. The formulation of questionnaires or deciding on sampling methods etc. Fourthly once the data is collected it has to be analyzed, interpreted, and evaluated. The final part of the research project consists of recommending the strategy to be pursued in relation to the product and the marketing effort. PROBLEMS OF MARKET RESEARCH If marketing research were totally dependable, this would mean that products launched onto the market would never fail! In reality, 90% of all products fail after they have been initially launched. Some of this, no doubt, can be put down to a lack of, or inadequate market research. However, a number of businesses have conducted extensive market research and still have launched products, which eventually fail. For ex. When coca cola launched New Coke onto the market, research suggested it would be a huge success. In practice, New Cole was quickly withdrawn from the shops! PRIMARY DATA: there are a number of reasons why field research does not always provide reliable information to businesses. (a) All HUMAN BEHAVIOR is unpredictable. Therefore the responses of consumers who participate in the collection of primary data may chance from time to time. (b) SAMPLING ERROR refers to the difference between the estimated statistic obtained from the sample and the true figure of the population. Sampling errors, which arise because of the failure of the sample to accurately represent the population from which it is chose, are caused by: (I) The use of an incomplete or out of date sampling frame, (II) Sampling discrepancies: The results from the sample may be different from those obtained if the whole population had been questioned. (III) The sample is not large enough (statistical bias). (IV) The method of sample that is chosen; random sampling introduces little or no bias because each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. (V) Non-responses from those chosen. (c) NON SAMPLING ERRORS are caused not by the process of sampling but by the design of the survey and in the way it is carried out. Discrepancies can be caused by: (I) The construction of questionnaires has to be done very carefully. (II) The behavior of interviewers can affect the outcome of interviews. (III) Data collation and presentation can affect the final conclusions. (IV) Date analysis (e.g. confusing cause and effect). SECONDARY DATA: Businesses must also be careful when using secondary data. Firstly the data has to be correctly adapted for the use of the business. Secondly, external and internal business publications become out of date almost as soon as they go into print! In todays fast changing markets this can greatly reduce the reliability of data. Also there could be problems of interpretation, or the coverage may be inappropriate. BENEFITS OF MARKET RESEARCH An aid to decision making- marketing research allows a business to make more informed decisions, especially in fast changing markets of today. Reducing risk- businesses are less likely to waste resources on failed activities if careful market research is carried out. Although the reliability of market research cannot be guaranteed, as we discussed earlier, it does reduce chances of failure and risk. Links with the outside world- businesses do not operate in a vacuum. Without market research they would have no way of finding out what consumers want, their reaction to particular products, and future trends and tastes of the market. To become more competitive- as markets become ever larger and competition is poured in, marketing research becomes even more important. Businesses need to find out the large differences in tastes of millions of consumers and the activities of their competitors. Public relations- carrying out market research may be good for the image of the business. Consumers may feel that their views are being considered. This may lead to corporate brand loyalty. MARKET SEGMENTATION AND CONSUMER BEHAVIOR * Breaking down the market into sub-groups with similar characteristics is known as Market Segmentation. A business can then target these groups and develop products and services for each of them. * SEGMENTATION BY AGE: examples include marketing for financial services for older people, development of retirement housing. * SEGMENTATION BY GENDER: examples include car producers have targeted women in their promotional campaigns, manufacturer of perfumes, designer brands like Armani and saint Laurent as well as many sports companies. * SEGMENTATION BY SOCIAL CLASS: classes are usually based on employment status and conditions. This division is usually used in government reports and surveys. Examples include restaurants, leisure activities, and holiday packages. * SEGMENTATION BY ETHNIC GROUPS: Markets can be segmented by country of origin or ethnic grouping. Examples include books, food, television programs, and clothes. * SEGMENTATION BY FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS: examples include newspapers, like The Guardian aimed at labor or liberal democrat voters. * SEGEMENTATION BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGION: examples include sports products, and extreme sports such as ski boarding, and clothing. USES OF MARKET SEGMENTATION * It is hoped that segmentation would help gain greater knowledge about customers and their needs. * It allows firms to target particular groups with particular products. * It helps to prevent promotion of products to the wrong people, which would lead to a waste of resources. * Identification of these groups is important for creating brands and understanding why brand switching occurs. * Eventually it is hoped that the information would allow greater demand overall and perhaps increased profitability. TARGETING THE MARKET * As I just mentioned that one of the uses of segmentation is that it allows firms to target particular groups. That is precisely what we are going to discuss now. Hmm * Should the firm target a particular segment or attempt to sell to all consumers? Three segmentation strategies can be identified. * UNDIFFERENTIATED MARKETING: is like a shotgun with most of the shot going astray! It ignores the existence of segments and offers a single mix to the heterogeneous market. This failure to target is likely to result in disappointing sales! However this strategy is likely to suit those products, which cannot easily be differentiated amongst groups of people. For ex. Milk was previously marketed in an undifferentiated way. Today, milk is differentiated according to its fat level; skimmed, semi-skimmed as well as the sources it comes from, cows, goats and Soya. * In CONCENTRATED MARKETING a particular segment is targeted. The marketing mix is in absolute accordance with that particular segment. Like a high-powered rifle the product is not available to people outside the target segment. OR in other cases the product is available to all, even though firms expect only its target group to purchase the goods (usually in the case of small firms). * In DIFFERENTIATED MARKETING a separate marketing mix is developed for each segment of the market. For ex. Banks have different types of accounts designed for teenagers, students and others geared up to the needs of retired couples. This strategy is very costly and therefore only available to large firms.

goverment intervention essays

goverment intervention essays The U.S. economy is a dynamic, free-market system. The U.S. is often described as a mixed economy, which is that even thought the great majority of productive resources are privately owned, the federal government does play an important part in the marketplace. Although our economy has changed over the years, there have been certain issues that have remained since the early days. One is the continuing debate over what the right role of the government is in the marketplace. The economy is based on a free-market and is generally characterized by private ownership, with no government involvement. But government intervention has been used necessarily from time to time to ensure that, economic opportunities, are fair and accessible to all people, to prevent flagrant abuse, and to slow inflation and encourage growth. Ever since colonial times, the government has been involved in economic decisions. The New Deal programs of the 30s brought the greatest change in the governments role. Laws were passed to regulate economic activities form sales of stock to the right of worker to form unions. More importantly the government began to provide workers with economic security in their old age. The Social Security Program, enacted in 1935, still ensures that retired people have regular income each month. Both things have also been on the other hand, in the 70s and 80s with taxed rising and the economy stagnating, new national leaders began a drive to cut government spending and high taxation, and other thing to reduce government intervention, which oddly has saved the economy. Although based largely on free-enterprise, and organizing economic activity through open and competitive markets, the U.S. economy has a tradition of government intervention for specific purposes like eliminating monopolies, protecting the consumer, providing for the poor, handicapped and elderly, and pres ...

The Trend of Job Relocation and its Influences Essay

The Trend of Job Relocation and its Influences - Essay Example Compared to other developed nations, like those in Western Europe or Japan, the United States' land area is expansive - we cover half of the North American continent. While in other places, job relocation happens relatively close to home due to the smaller geographic region of political and language borders, it is not the same in the United States. Our geographical boundaries are wide enough to hit two oceans. When we go across the country, ties with family and community are completely cut. Job relocation of any person in a family is harmful to the family structure. A key players is removed from the family unit, be it the father, mother, even children. Reimer conducted a research study that suggested job relocation was potentially harmful to families (2000). The possible outcomes of the trend "job relocation" are multiple depending on the specific demographic taken into account, family members involved in the move, and the stability of labor markets. For example, job relocation for migrant families depends heavily on the legislation concerning them, legislation concerning migrant worker programs, education patterns and benefits for children of migrant workers, and others. Globalization is another factor that will affect job relocation.

INDIA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

INDIA - Essay Example Despite their superiority in the war field, other natural factors prevented them from capturing vast areas (Kulke & Rothemund, 34). The Vedic who lived along rivers settled and started doing cultivation. This led to a more settled life. The Vedic gave rise to the Indian culture. As people settled, different classes of people emerged. This was the start of the current caste system in India. The earlier Vedic were classified into Vish(ordinary people), Kshatriya(Warriors) and Rajan (chieftains). The chieftains were selected from the warriors (Kulke & Rothemund, 34). The late Vedic established kingdoms that were headed by a king. The Vedic introduced Buddhism and the Indians philosophy. The introduction of kingdoms led to the building of dynasties. The Vedic moved east and occupied Gangetic plains. This led to the development of Gangetic culture. Mahajanapada rose from the small kingdoms. The Majanapadas gave rise to states after asserting powers on others. Koshalla and Magadha are the few examples of states that were formed during that time. These states continued to expand in Northern India to form bigger Dynasties. Bimbisara of Magadha started the annexation of other states. The Nanda’s dynasty was the first to be formed which gave rise to the Mauryas headed by Chandragupta Maurya. The Gupta dynasty is referred as the golden age of India. It was one of the most successful dynasties. The Mughal Empire was set up by Muslim rulers who unified India. Baber helped the Muslims in capturing most parts of India. Some of the weapons used were brought from the west and helped in defeating its enemies (Kulke & Rothemund, 184). Delhi became the centre of the mogul empire. Akbar, who was uneducated but with a lot of wisdom, became one of the greatest leaders of Mogul empire. He conquered Gujarat and Bengal to grow the size of the Mogul empire. Southern India was fertile and different groups fought to control it. Southern India was close to the

Slack Bus And Slack Generator

Slack Bus And Slack Generator The Table below shows input data of each busbar in the system used to solve the power flow and the simulation result according to instruction described in question 1. BUS Input Data [Simulation Result] BUS 1 pu P (load) 100 MW Q (load) 0 Mvar BUS 2 P (load) 200 MW Q (load) 100 Mvar CB of Generation Open BUS 3 1 pu P (Gen) 200 MW P (load) 100 MW Q (load) 50 Mvar AVR On AGC Off Slack bus and slack generator In power flow calculation, unique numerical solution cannot be calculated without reference voltage magnitude and angle due to unequal number of unknown variables and independent equations. The slack bus is the reference bus where its voltage is considered to be fixed voltage magnitude and angle (1à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  0 °), so that the various voltage angle difference among the buses can be calculated respect. In addition, the slack generator supplies as much real power and reactive power as needed for balancing the power flow considering power generation, load demand and losses in the system while keep the voltage constant as 1à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  0 °. In real power system, when relatively weak system is linked to the larger system via a single bus, this bus can represent the large system with an equivalent generator keeping the voltage constant and generating any necessary power like slack bus. [1] Bus type (PQ bus or PV bus) BUS Bus type Comments BUS 2 PQ Bus Generator is disconnected to Bus 2 BUS 3 PV Bus Generator is connected to Bus 3 and the magnitude of voltage of generator keep constant by using AVR In general, each bus in the power system can be categorized into three bus types such as Slack Bus, Load (PQ) Bus, and Voltage Controlled (PV) Bus. The definition and difference between PQ Bus and PV Bus are described as follows; [2] PV Bus (Generator Bus or Voltage Controlled Bus): It is a bus at which the magnitude of the bus voltage is kept constant by the generator. Even though the bus has several generators and load, if any generators connected to the bus regulate the bus voltage with AVR, then this bus is referred to PV Bus. For PV bus, the magnitude of the bus voltage and real power supplied to the system are specified, and reactive power and angle of the bus voltage are accordingly determined. If a preset maximum and minimum reactive power limit is reached, the reactive output of the generator remains at the limited values, so the bus can be considered as PQ Bus instead of PV Bus. [2] PQ Bus (Load Bus): It is a bus at which the voltage is changed depending on total net real power and reactive power of loads and generators without voltage regulator. Therefore, in the power simulation and calculation, the real power and reactive power of the loads are specified as input data and accordingly the voltage (magnitude and angle) is calculated based on the above input. The following table specifies input and output of each bus type in the power system simulation and calculation. Bus Type P Q (Magnitude) ÃŽÂ ´ (Angle) PQ Bus Input Input Output Output PV Bus Input Output Input Output Slack Bus Output Output Input Input System Balance Total Generation Load Demand BUS Real Power (MW) Imaginary Power (Mvar) Generation Load Generation Load BUS 1 204.093 100 56.240 0 BUS 2 0 200 0 100 BUS 3 200 100 107.404 50 Total 404.093 400 163.644 150 Difference Pgen Pdemand = 4.093 Qgen Qstored in load = 13.644 Reason: Real power loss due to resistance of transmission line and imaginary power storage due to reactance of transmission line are the reasons for the difference between power generation and load demand in the system. P (Losses) Q (Storage) over the transmission line BUS Real Power (MW) Imaginary Power (Mvar) Sending Receiving Losses Sending Receiving Stored BUS 1 BUS 2 102.714 100.650 2.064 56.653 49.773 6.88 BUS 1 BUS 3 1.379 1.378 0.001 0.4141) 0.4131) 0.001 BUS 3 BUS 2 101.378 99.350 2.028 56.990 50.227 6.763 Total Plosses = 4.093 Qstored in load = 13.644 1) Imaginary power flows from Bus 3 to Bus 1. The summation of real power losses and imaginary power storage over the transmission line are exactly same with total difference between generation and load. Therefore, it is verified that the difference is shown over the transmission line. Kirchoff balance as each bus [4] Bus1 ÃŽÂ £ P1 = + Pgen1 Pload1 P12 P13 = 204.093 100 102.714 1.379 = 0 ÃŽÂ £ Q1 = + Qgen1 Qload1 Q12 Q13 = 56.24 0 56.653 + 0.413 = 0 Bus2 ÃŽÂ £ P2 = + Pgen2 Pload2 P21 P23 = 0 200 + 100.65 + 99.35 = 0 ÃŽÂ £ Q2 = + Qgen2 Qload2 Q21 Q23 = 0 100 + 49.773 + 50.227 = 0 BUS3 ÃŽÂ £ P3 = + Pgen3 Pload3 P31 P32 = 200 100 + 1.378 101.378 = 0 ÃŽÂ £ Q3 = + Qgen3 Qload3 Q31 Q32 = 107.404 50 0.414 56.99 = 0 According to the calculation above, as summation of incoming outgoing real power and imaginary power at each bus become zero, it is verified that each busbar obeys a Kirchoff balance. In addition, the total power system is completely balanced, because total generation power (real imaginary) are equal to summation of total load demand and real power loss stored imaginary power over the transmission (i.e. Pgen Pdemand = Plosses, Qgen Qstored in load = Q stored in system) as shown above. Voltage Angle and Angle Difference As a result of the Powerworld, the voltage angle and angle difference are shown in the table below. BUS Voltage Angle Voltage Angle Difference BUS1 ÃŽÂ ´1 = 0.00 ° BUS1- BUS2 ÃŽÂ ´1 ÃŽÂ ´2 = 0.00 ° (-2.5662 °) = 2.5662 ° BUS2 ÃŽÂ ´2 = -2.5662 ° BUS2- BUS3 ÃŽÂ ´2 ÃŽÂ ´3 = -2.5662 ° (-0.043 °) = -2.5232 ° BUS3 ÃŽÂ ´3 = -0.043 ° BUS3- BUS1 ÃŽÂ ´3 ÃŽÂ ´1 = -0.043 ° 0.00 ° = -0.043 ° Power System Analysis -1 The table below summarizes generation and voltage angle variation at each bus as generation at Bus 3 varies from 0 MW to 450 MW by 50MW. Simulation Results and Observation P3 = 0 MW P3 = 50 MW P3 = 100 MW P3 = 150 MW P3 = 250 MW P3 = 300 MW P3 = 350 MW P3 = 400 MW P3 = 450 MW Reactive Power Generation at Bus 3: It is found that reactive power generation Q3(gen) decrease while real power generation P3(gen) increase because Bus 3 as a PV Bus regulates the constant bus voltage magnitude by controlling excitation of the generation through the AVR. Power Generation at Bus 1: It is found that P1(gen) decreases and Q1(gen) increases simultaneously, while P3(gen) increases and Q3(gen) decrease. As the total load demand in the system keeps constant (i.e. Ptotal(load) = 400 MW, Qtotal(load) = 150Mvar), any necessary real power and reactive power for the system balance need to be supplied by generator (slack generator) at Bus 1. Therefore, power generation P1(gen) and Q1(gen) at Bus 1 change reversely compared to power generation change at Bus 3. Voltage Angle Difference: In general, real power flow is influenced by voltage angle difference between sending bus and receiving bus according to PR =. Therefore, it is observed that as real power generation P3(gen) increases real power flow from Bus 3 to Bus2 increase, accordingly voltage angle difference (ÃŽÂ ´3 ÃŽÂ ´2) between Bus 3 and Bus 2 increases. However, decrease in real power from Bus 1 to Bus 2 due to increase of P3(gen) result in decrease of voltage angle difference (ÃŽÂ ´1 ÃŽÂ ´2). In addition, Real power between Bus 1 and Bus 3 flows from Bus 1 to Bus 3 until P3(gen) reach to 200 MW and as P3(gen) increase more than 200 MW the real power flows from Bus 3 to Bus 1. So, it is also observed that voltage angle difference (ÃŽÂ ´3 ÃŽÂ ´1) is negative angle when P3(gen) is less than 200MW and the difference increase while P3(gen) increase. Power System Analysis -2 The table below summarizes the variation of power generation and voltage angle difference at each bus when the load demand at Bus 3 varies by 50MW and 25Mvar. Simulation Results and Observation P2 = 0 MW Q2 = 0 MW P2 = 50 MW Q2 = 25 MW P2 = 100 MW Q2 = 50 MW P2 = 150 MW Q2 = 75 MW P2 = 250 MW Q2 = 125 MW P2 = 300 MW Q2 = 150 MW P2 = 350 MW Q2 = 175 MW P2 = 400 MW Q2 = 200 MW P2 = 450 MW Q2 = 225 MW Power Generation at Bus 1 and Bus 3: It is observed that as the total load demand in the system increases due to increase of load demand P2(load) Q2(load) at Bus 2, any necessary real power for the system balance is supplied by generator (slack generator) at Bus 1 considering constant P3(gen), so P1(gen) increases. In addition, any necessary reactive power for the system balance is supplied from Bus 1 as well as Bus 3, so both Q1(gen) and Q3(gen) increase. Voltage Angle Difference: It is found that real power flow increase both from Bus 1 to Bus 2 and from Bus 3 to Bus 2 due to increase of load demand at Bus2. Accordingly, both voltage angle difference ÃŽÂ ´1 ÃŽÂ ´2 and ÃŽÂ ´3 ÃŽÂ ´2 increase when the power flow P12 and P32 increase. In addition, when P2(load) is less than 200 MW, P1gen is relatively low. Therefore real power between Bus 3 and Bus 1 flows from Bus 3 to Bus 1 at lower P2(load) (less than 200MW). On the other hand, while P2(load) increase more than 200 MW, the real power flow direction changes (Bus 1 to Bus 3) and the real power flow increases. Accordingly, the voltage angle difference ÃŽÂ ´1 ÃŽÂ ´3 change from negative to positive and increase. Voltage Magnitude at Bus 2: It is observed that magnitude of bus voltage at Bus2 drops due to increase of the load demand at Bus 2. Question 2 System Model Admittance Matrix In order to construct the admittance matrix of Powerworld B3 case, single phase equivalent circuit can be drawn as below; z = r + jx (r = 0, x = 0.05) z12 = z21= j0.05 pu, y12 = 1/ z12 = 1/j0.05 = -j20 pu = y12 z13 = z31= j0.05 pu, y13 = 1/ z13 = 1/j0.05 = -j20 pu = y31 z23 = z32= j0.05 pu, y23 = 1/ z23 = 1/j0.05 = -j20 pu = y32 Admittance matrix can be defined as follows; BUS = Diagonal elements Y(i,i) of the admittance matrix, called as the self-admittance [lecture slide] [6], are the summation of all admittance connected with BUS i. = y12 + y13 = -j20 j20 = -j40 pu = y21 + y23 = -j20 j20 = -j40 pu = y31 + y32 = -j20 j20 = -j40 pu Off diagonal elements Y(i,j) of the admittance matrix, called as the mutual admittance [lecture slide] [6], are negative admittance between BUS i and BUS j. = y12 = -(-j20) = j20 pu = y13 = -(-j20) = j20 pu = y21 = -(-j20) = j20 pu = y23 = -(-j20) = j20 pu = y31 = -(-j20) = j20 pu = y32 = -(-j20) = j20 pu Therefore, the final admittance matrix BUS is; BUS = = The following figure shows the BUS of the Powerworld B3 case and it is verified that the calculated admittance matrix is consistent with the result of the Powerworld. Power Flow Calculation Nodal equation with the admittance matrix can be used to calculate voltage at each bus if we know all the current (i.e. total generation power and load demand at each BUS) and finally the power flow can be calculated accordingly. , therefore, In this question, however, simulation results of the voltage at each bus from the Powerworld are used for the power flow calculation as follows; [Simulation result] Voltage at each Bus and Voltage Difference V1 = 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  0.00 ° pu (BUS1) V2 = 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  -0.48 ° pu (BUS2) V3 = 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  0.48 ° pu (BUS 3) Voltage difference between BUS 1 and BUS 2 V12 = V1 V2 = 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  0.00 ° 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  -0.48 ° = 3.5 x 10-5 + j 8.38 x 10-3 = 8.38 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  89.76 ° pu V21 = V2 V1 = V12 = 3.5 x 10-5 j 8.38 x 10-3 = 8.38 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  -90.24 ° pu Voltage difference between BUS 3 and BUS 2 V32 = V3 V2 = 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  0.48 ° 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  -0.48 ° = j 16.76 x 10-3 = 16.76 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  90 ° pu V23 = V2 V3 = V32 = j 16.76 x 10-3 = -16,76 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  -90 ° pu Voltage difference between BUS 3 and BUS 1 V31 = V3 V1 = 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  0.48 ° 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  0.00 ° = 3.5 x 10-5 + j 8.38 x 10-3 = 8.38 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  90.24 ° pu V13 = V1 V3 = V31 = 3.5 x 10-5 j 8.38 x 10-3 = 8.38 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  -89.76 ° pu Line Current Current flow from BUS i and BUS j can be calculated by using voltage difference and interconnected admittance of the line between buses. [ Iij = yij * (Vi Vj) ] Line current between BUS 1 and BUS 2 I12 = y12 x (V1 V2) = -j20 x 8.38 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  89.76 ° = 167.6 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  -0.24 ° pu (BUS 1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 2) I21 = y21 x (V2 V1) = -j20 x 8.38 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  -90.24 ° = 167.6 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  -180.24 ° pu (BUS 2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 1) Line current between BUS 3 and BUS 2 I32 = y32 x (V3 V2) = -j20 x 16.76 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  90 ° = 335.2 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  0.00 ° pu (BUS 3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 2) I23 = y23 x (V2 V3) = -j20 x 16.76 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  -90 ° = 335.2 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  180 ° pu (BUS 2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 3) Line current between BUS 3 and BUS 1 I31 = y31 x (V3 V1) = -j20 x 8.38 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  90.24 ° = 167.6 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  0.24 ° pu (BUS 3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 1) I13 = y13 x (V1 V3) = -j20 x 8.38 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  -89.76 ° = 167.6 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  -179.76 ° pu (BUS 1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 3) Apparent Power Flow Apparent flow from BUS i and BUS j can be calculated by voltage at the sending bus and line current. [ Sij = Vi * I*ij ] Apparent Power from BUS 1 to BUS 2 S12 = V1* I*12 = 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  0.00 ° x 167.6 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  0.24 ° = 167.6 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  0.24 ° = 0.1676 + j 7.02 x 10-4 pu Apparent Power from BUS 2 to BUS 1 S21=V2* I*21=1à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  -0.48 ° x 167.6 x 10-3à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  180.24 °=167.6 x 10-3à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  179.76 ° = -0.1676 + j7.02 x 10-4 pu Apparent Power from BUS 3 to BUS 2 S32 = V3* I*32 = 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  0.48 ° x 335.2 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  0.00 ° = 335.2 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  0.48 ° = 0.3352 + j 2.81 x 10-3 pu Apparent Power from BUS 2 to BUS 3 S23=V2* I*23=1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  -0.48 ° x 335.2 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  180 °= 335.2 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  179.76 ° = -0.3352 + j 2.81 x 10-3 pu Apparent Power from BUS 3 to BUS 1 S31 = V3* I*31 = 1à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  0.48 ° x 167.6 x 10-3à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  -0.24 ° = 167.6 x 10-3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  0.24 ° = 0.1676 + j 7.02 x 10-4 pu Apparent Power from BUS 1 to BUS 3 S13=V1* I*13=1à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  0.00 ° x 167.6 x 10-3à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  179.76 °= 167.6 x 10-3à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  179.76 ° = -0.1676 + j 7.02 x 10-4 pu Comparison with simulation results The unit of the above calculation results is pu value, so in order to compare the results with simulation results pu value of current and power flow need to be converted to actual values by using the following equation considering Sbase = 100MVA and Vline_base = 345kV. [3] Sactual = Sbase ÃÆ'- Spu = 100 MVA ÃÆ'- Spu Iactual = Ibase ÃÆ'- Ipu = ÃÆ'- Ipu = ÃÆ'- Ipu = 167.3479 A ÃÆ'- Ipu Calculation Result and Simulation Result Flow direction Value Calculation Result Simulation Result BUS 1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 2 |S12| 0.1676 ÃÆ'- 100 = 16.76 MVA 16.67 MVA P12 16.76 MW 16.67 MW Q12 0.0702 Mvar 0.07 Mvar |I12| 0.1676 ÃÆ'- 167.3479 = 28.0475 A 27.89 A BUS 3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 2 |S32| 0.3352 ÃÆ'- 100 = 33.52 MVA 33.33 MVA P32 33.52 MW 33.33 MW Q32 0.281 Mvar 0.28 Mvar |I32| 0.3352 ÃÆ'- 167.3479 = 56.0950 A 55.78 A BUS 3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 1 |S31| 0.1676 ÃÆ'- 100 = 16.76 MVA 16.67 MVA P31 16.76 MW 16.67 MW Q31 0.0702 Mvar 0.07 Mvar |I31| 0.1676 ÃÆ'- 167.3479 = 28.0475 A 27.89 A BUS 2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 1 |S21| 0.1676 ÃÆ'- 100 = 16.76 MVA 16.67 MVA P21 -16.76 MW -16.67 MW Q21 0.0702 Mvar 0.07 Mvar |I21| 0.1676 ÃÆ'- 167.3479 = 28.0475 A 27.89 A BUS 2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 3 |S23| 0.3352 ÃÆ'- 100 = 33.52 MVA 33.33 MVA P23 -33.52 MW -33.33 MW Q23 0.281 Mvar 0.28 Mvar |I23| 0.3352 ÃÆ'- 167.3479 = 56.0950 A 55.78 A BUS 1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 3 |S13| 0.1676 ÃÆ'- 100 = 16.76 MVA 16.67 MVA P13 -16.76 MW -16.67 MW Q13 0.0702 Mvar 0.07 Mvar |I13| 0.1676 ÃÆ'- 167.3479 = 28.0475 A 27.89 A It is found that calculation results of current flow and apparent power flows (i.e. 28.0475 A and 56.0950 A/ 33.52 MVA and 16.76MVA) are about 0.5 % higher than simulation result (i.e. 27.89 A and 55.78 A / 33.33 MVA and 16.67 MVA) which can be considered slightly different. Difference of the voltage angle at each bus between calculation (0.48 °) and simulation (0.4775 °) could be the reason for this minor difference. Question 3 Admittance Matrix and Nodal Equation Admittance between two buses y12 = y21 = -j8 pu y13 = y31 = -j4 pu y14 = y41 = -j2.5 pu y23 = y32 = -j4 pu y24 = y42 = -j5 pu y30 = -j0.8 pu (BUS3-Neutral BUS) y40 = -j0.8 pu (BUS4-Neutral BUS) Admittance Matrix Ybus (Admittance Matrix) = Diagonal elements Y(i,i) of the admittance matrix, called as the self-admittance [2] [4], are the summation of all admittance connected with BUS i. = y12 + y13 + y14 = -j8 -j4 j2.5 = -j14.5 = y21 + y23 + y24 = -j8 -j4 j5 = -j17 = y30 + y31 + y32 = -j08 -j4 j4 = -j8.8 = y40 + y41 + y42 = -j0.8 -j2.5 j5 = -j8.3 Off diagonal elements Y(i,j) of the admittance matrix, called as the mutual admittance [2] [4], are negative admittance between BUS i and BUS j. = y12 = -(-j8) = j8 pu = y13 = -(-j4) = j4 pu = y14 = -(-j2.5) = j2.5 pu = y21 = -(-j8) = j8 pu = y23 = -(-j4) = j4 pu = y24 = -(-j5) = j5 pu = y31 = -(-j4) = j4 pu = y32 = -(-j4) = j4 pu = y34 = 0 pu = y41 = -(-j2.5) = j2.5 pu = y42 = -(-j5) = j5 pu = y43 = 0 pu Therefore, admittance matrix Ybus is as follows; Ybus = = Power Flow Analysis Power flow ignoring transmission line capacitance Nodal Equation Current from the neutral bus to each bus are given and admittance matrix (Ybus) is calculated above. Therefore, final nodal equation is as follows; Ibus = Ybus * Vbus à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Vbus = Y-1bus * Ibus = Ybus à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ = = Voltage Analysis Voltage at each bus can be derived from the equation (Vbus = Y-1bus * Ibus) and Matlab was used for calculate matrix division. (Source code is attached in Appendix-1) Vbus == V12 = 0.0034 + j 0.0031 pu V13 = -0.0277 j 0.0257 pu V14 = 0.0336 + j 0.0311 pu V21 = -0.0034 j 0.0031 pu V23 = -0.0311 j 0.0288 pu V24 = 0.0302 + j 0.0280 pu V31 = 0.0277 + j 0.0257 pu V32 = 0.0311 + j 0.0288 pu V41 = -0.0336 j 0.0311 pu V42 = -0.0302 j 0.0280 pu Current flow in the system Current flow from BUS i and BUS j can be calculated by using voltage difference and interconnected admittance of the line between buses. [Iij = yij * (Vi Vj) ] The calculation result from Matlab is as follows; I12 = 0.0249 j 0.0269 pu I13 = -0.1026 + j 0.1108 pu I14 = 0.0777 j 0.0840 pu I21 = -0.0249 + j 0.0269 pu I23 = -0.1151 + j 0.1243 pu I24 = 0.1399 j 0.1511 I31 = 0.1026 j 0.1108 pu I32 = 0.1151 j 0.1243 pu I34 = 0 pu I41 = -0.0777 + j 0.0840 pu I42 = -0.1399 + j 0.1511 pu I43 = 0 pu Power flow in the system Apparent flow from BUS i and BUS j can be calculated by voltage at the sending bus and line current. [ Sij (pu) = Vi * I*ij = Pij + jQij ] The calculation result from Matlab is as follows; S12 = 0.0311 + j 0.0175 pu S13 = -0.1283 j 0.0723 pu S14 = 0.0972 + j 0.0548 pu S21 = -0.0311 j 0.0174 pu S23 = -0.1438 j 0.0803 pu S24 = 0.1749 + j 0.0977 pu S31 = 0.1283 + j 0.0780 pu S32 = 0.1438 + j 0.0875 pu S34 = 0 pu S41 = -0.0972 j 0.0496 pu S42 = -0.1749 j 0.0892 pu S44 = 0 pu Admittance Matrix considering transmission line capacitance According to the instruction of the Question 3, power system model can be drawn by using à Ã¢â€š ¬ equivalent circuit of the lines with capacitive shunt admittance (yc) of 0.1 pu at each side as shown below. Admittance Matrix Contrary to equivalent model in Question 3-1, the current flow through the capacitor in the transmission line needs to be considered to find the admittance matrix. Therefore, considering the capacitors the current equation with Kirchhoffs current law at each bus is as follows; [2] [5] Bus 1: I1 = I12 + I13 + I14 + Ic12 + Ic13 + Ic14 I1 = y12(V1-V2) + y13(V1-V3) + y14(V1-V4) + yc12V1 + yc13V1 + yc14V1 Bus 2: I2 = I21 + I23 + I24 + Ic21 + Ic23 + Ic24 I2 = y21(V2-V1) + y23(V2-V3) + y24(V2-V4) + yc21V2 + yc23V2 + yc24V2 Bus 3: I3 = I30 + I31 + I32 + Ic31 + Ic32 I3 = y30V3 + y31(V3-V1) + y32(V3-V2) + yc31V3 + yc32V3 Bus 4: I4 = I40 + I41 + I42 + Ic41 + Ic42 I4 = y40V4 + y41(V4-V1) + y42(V4-V2) + yc41V4 + yc42V4 Equation above can be rearranged to separate and group individual products by voltage. Bus 1: I1 = (y12 + y13 + y14 + yc12 + yc13+ yc14)V1 y12V2 y13V3 y14V4 = Y11V1 + Y12V2 + Y13V3 + Y14V4 Bus 2: I2 = (y21 + y23 + y24 + yc21 + yc23+ yc24)V2- y21V1 y23V3 y24V4 = Y21V1 + Y22V2 + Y23V3 + Y24V4 Bus 3: I3 = (y30 + y31 + y32 + yc31+ yc32)V3 y31V1 y32V2 = Y31V1 + Y32V2 + Y33V3 + Y34V4 Bus 4: I4 = (y40 + y41 + y42 + yc41+ yc42)V4 y41V1 y42V2 = Y41V1 + Y42V2 + Y43V3 + Y44V4 Finally, Diagonal elements Y(i,i) and off diagonal elements Y(i,j) of the admittance matrix are calculated as follows; = y12 + y13 + y14 + yc12 + yc13+ yc14 = -j8 -j4 j2.5 + j0.1 + j0.1 +0.1j = -j14.2 pu = y21 + y23 + y24 + yc21 + yc23+ yc24 = -j8 -j4 j5 + j0.1 + j0.1 +0.1j = -j16.7 pu = y30 + y31 + y32 + yc31+ yc32 = -j08 -j4 j4 + j0.1 +0.1j = -j8.6 pu = y40 + y41 + y42 + yc41+ yc42 = -j0.8 -j2.5 j5 + j0.1 +0.1j = -j8.1 pu = y12 = -(-j8) = j8 pu = y13 = -(-j4) = j4 pu = y14 = -(-j2.5) = j2.5 pu = y21 = -(-j8) = j8 pu = y23 = -(-j4) = j4 pu = y24 = -(-j5) = j5 pu = y31 = -(-j4) = j4 pu = y32 = -(-j4) = j4 pu = y34 = 0 pu = y41 = -(-j2.5) = j2.5 pu = y42 = -(-j5) = j5 pu = y43 = 0 pu Therefore, admittance matrix Ybus is as follows; Ybus = = Annex-1: Matlab source code and Calculation results with Matlab Matlab Source Code % define self admittance and mutual admittance by using admittace between % the buses (y12=y21=-j8, y13=y31=-j4, y14=y41=-j2.5, y23=y32=-j4, % y24=y42=-j5, y34=0, y43=0, y30=-j0.8, y40=-j0.8 y12=-8i; y21=-8i; y13=-4i; y31=-4i; y14=-2.5i; y41=-2.5i; y23=-4i; y32=-4i; y24=-5i; y42=-5i; y34=0; y43=0; y30=-0.8i; y40=-0.8i; Y11=-8i-4i-2.5i; Y12=8i; Y13=4i; Y14=2.5i; Y21=8i; Y22=-8i-4i-5i; Y23=4i; Y24=5i; Y31=4i; Y32=4i; Y33=-0.8i-4i-4i; Y34=0; Y41=2.5i; Y42=5i; Y43=0; Y44=-5i-2.5i-0.8i; %Bus 3 and Bus 4 is not connected, so admittance Y34 and Y43 are equal to zero % define the 44 admittance matrix (Ybus) Ybus=[Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14; Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24; Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34; Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44]; % In order to define the nodal equation (I = Ybus*V), the given I needs to defined. i1=0; i2=0; i3=-i; i4=-0.4808-0.4808i; Ibus=[i1; i2; i3; i4]; % Each bus voltage can be calculated by using matrix division (V= YbusI) Vbus=YbusIbus; v1=Vbus(1,1); v2=Vbus(2,1); v3=Vbus(3,1); v4=Vbus(4,1); % Calculate voltage difference between buses v12=v1-v2; v13=v1-v3; v14=v1-v4; v21=v2-v1; v23=v2-v3; v24=v2-v4; v31=v3-v1; v32=v3-v2; v34=v3-v4; v41=v4-v1; v42=v4-v2; v43=v4-v3; % current flow between buses can be calculated by i12 = y12*(v1-v2) i12=y12*v12; i13=y13*v13; i14=y14*v14; i21=y21*v21; i23=y23*v23; i24=y24*v24; i31=y31*v31; i32=y32*v32; i34=y34*v34; i41=y41*v41; i42=y42*v42; i43=y43*v43; % apparent power can be calculated by s12 = v1 * conj(i12) s12=v1*conj(i12); s13=v1*conj(i13); s14=v1*conj(i14); s21=v2*conj(i21); s23=v2*conj(i23); s24=v2*conj(i24); s31=v3*conj(i31); s32=v3*conj(i32); s34=v3*conj(i34); s41=v4*conj(i41); s42=v4*conj(i42); s43=v4*conj(i43); % Real power and Reactive power can be derived by following p12=real(s12); p13=real(s13); p14=real(s14); q12=imag(s12); q13=imag(s13); q14=imag(s14); p21=real(s21); p23=real(s23); p24=real(s24); q21=imag(s21); q23=imag(s23); q24=imag(s24); p31=real(s31); p32=real(s32); p34=real(s34); q31=imag(s31); q32=real(s32); q34=imag(s34); p41=real(s41); p42=real(s42); p43=real(s43); q41=imag(s41); q42=real(s42); q43=imag(s43); % end Matlab Calculation Results